Course contents25 available

Course Linear Algebra ★The Language of Mathematics

Week 1

Week 2

Week 3

Week 4

Week 5

Week 6 soon

L21Vector spaces
L22Subspaces, sums and intersections
L23Basis and dimension in general
L24Direct sums
R6Recitation 6

Week 7 soon

L25Coordinates
L26Row space and rank
L27The four fundamental subspaces
L28Change of basis
R7Recitation 7

Week 8 soon

L29Linear maps
L30The rank–nullity theorem
L31Isomorphisms and the space of maps
L32The matrix of a linear map
R8Recitation 8

Week 9 soon

L33Determinant as signed volume
L34The determinant defined
L35Computing determinants
L36Determinants and invertibility
R9Recitation 9

Week 10 soon

L37Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
L38The characteristic polynomial
L39Diagonalisation
L40Eigenvalues in action
R10Recitation 10

Week 11 soon

L41Complex eigenvalues
L42Invariant subspaces
L43Polynomials of matrices
L44The minimal polynomial
R11Recitation 11

Week 12 soon

L45Inner product spaces
L46Orthogonality and projections
L47Gram–Schmidt and QR
L48Least squares
R12Recitation 12

Week 13 soon

L49The spectral theorem
L50Quadratic forms
L51Singular value decomposition
L52The SVD in action and what comes next
R13Recitation 13

Lecture 9 · Week 3· 12:24

Reduced row echelon form

Pivots, free variables, uniqueness of RREF.

Video: coming soon

The lecture (12:24) is not published yet. It will play right here as soon as it is on YouTube.

In this lecture

Beyond the staircase
Reduced row echelon form
The backward phase
Gauss–Jordan elimination
Basic and free variables
Uniqueness
Summary

Materials

Check yourself

Try it before you look

Find the reduced row echelon form of the augmented matrix of $x + 2 y - z = 3$ , $2 x + 4 y + z = 9$ . Which variables are basic and which are free? Write down all solutions and check one.
True or false: if two matrices of the same size have the same reduced row echelon form, then they are row equivalent. Justify your answer.

Work it out on paper first. Then open the hint if you are stuck, and the answer to check.

1Hint

Everything you need is in Section 2.4 of the course book. Open it at page 20 of the chapter PDF; any theorem the question names is stated there, with an example worked the same way.

2Answer

The reduced row echelon form is $[10200141]$ : $x$ and $z$ are basic, $y = t$ is free, so $x = 4 - 2 t$ , $y = t$ , $z = 1$ . Check: $t = 0$ gives $(4, 0, 1)$ .
True: row equivalence is symmetric and transitive.